認同政治

人類主體、認同與自我的理論 

Politics of Identities:

Theories of Human Subjects, Selves and Identities
 

課程介紹 進度與閱讀材料 一般參考書


授課教師:王志弘 ★ 時間:每週四14:00-17:00

 課程介紹:

「我是誰,誰是我,我為何是我,什麼是我,什麼不是我,我的生命與他人及這個世界何干?」這一連串問題並非哲學的玄想,而是支持我們日常生活運作的不假思索預設,或是不斷質疑我們最根本的自我意識和存在價值的問題。不論從理論上或實際上來說,從「我思故我在」確定但脆弱的人類中心位置出發,我們現在已經抵達「多重的自我」、「分裂與片斷之主體性」、「認同源於建構且游移不定」、「自我(主體)與異己相互穿透構成」,乃至於「人機合體、物我難分」的「(後)人類狀況」了。自我是什麼?認同如何構成?以及人類主體位置何在?成為世紀末人人自疑,而下個世紀將繼續追問的主題。

「認同政治」是當前社會運動與基進學界所關切的核心議題,我們也正面臨一個自我意識高漲,但認同邊界鬆動、主體位置不確定的時代處境。各種社會運動必然涵括認同政治的部份,以廓清主體位置、建立認同作為召喚手段及運動目標。不論是勞工運動、國族運動、女權運動、同志運動或少數族裔爭取權利運動、社區運動和都市社會運動,都在過程中經歷釐清運動成員之主體處境,塑造新的自我感受,乃至於爭辯認同邊界的議題。即使生態保育運動,也涉及了人類主體與自然界之關係的重新界定。此外,位居主流的社會群體,在回應與對抗挑戰其既得利益的新社會勢力時,亦常訴諸認同政治。

另一方面,各種新的社會與科技趨勢,例如生化醫學技術、電腦資訊科技,身體裝扮、整型與保健的風潮,以及種種跨越既定社會認同界限的現象,亦指出了「自我、主體與認同」的問題叢,是我們不能不認真對待的課題。學界反映社會的變動,提出了認同、自我與主體的各種新觀點。新概念的提出(例如去中心之主體觀,或是認同的建構論),也讓我們思索和反省從社會集體到個人生活的各種既定的、僵化的自我與認同觀念,從而想像新的可能性。據此,本課程將課程安排區分為四大部分,特別強調由西方的人性論、自我哲學與心靈哲學出發,將認同與主體的課題安放其間,以釐析當代認同政治背後的倫理關懷與哲思淵源:

(一)奠立基礎:閱讀兩本綜論性教科書,初步掌握認同理論與議題。 (二)深入研讀:藉由研讀重要文獻,掌握討論主體、自我與認同的各種理論取向。包括人本主義、存在主義與現象學、象徵互動論、馬克思主義、精神分析、主體建構論、後結構與後現代主義、後殖民論述、佛學、女性主義、空間論、身體論、社會倫理學等。特別強調放在自我與異己(他人、世界、物體)的關係裡來探索,尤其是要拉出一個倫理學的向度。

(三)探索影響認同政治的新趨勢與新議題︰國家與個人的新關係、新家庭關係、扮裝與變性、混血雜種、全球化、科技(生化科技與資訊科技)、生態論等。

(四)實例分析:每週援用日常生活與台灣的實例,藉以了解自我與認同問題的複雜性,以及理論概念的適用情形。

主要教科書: 1.Jenkins, Richard. (1996). Social Identity. London: Routledge.

2.Sarup, Madan. (1996). Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

3.Hall, Stuart, & Paul du Gay (eds.). (1996). Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.

4.Craib, Ian. (1998). Experiencing Identity. London: Sage.

適合對象:研究生。 課程要求:盡力研讀,勇於發問,勤於出席。期中繳交文獻評論一篇(約2,000字),自我認同傳記一篇(約3,000字),期末繳交研究論文式報告一篇(約8,000-12,000字)。

評分依據:文獻評論佔15%,自我認同傳記佔20%,期末報告佔35%,平時表現(出席、討論與口頭報告)佔30%

上課方式:採取講演和討論課(seminar)並行的方式,除了由教師提示重點和引導討論外,主要由參與者報告研讀文章,每篇文章報告時間控制在三十分鐘內,盡量留時間討論。


 各週主題與閱讀材料
十一
十二
十三
十四
十五 十六 十七

 

第一部份 奠立基礎


第一講 社會認同:社會學與人類學的取向(一) 1.Jenkins, Richard. (1996). Social Identity. London: Routledge. ch.1-ch.8. 1.Kundera, Milan. (1999),《身分》(L'identit?)(邱瑞鑾譯),台北:皇冠。(Original work published 1997

第二講 社會認同:社會學與人類學的取向(二) 1.Jenkins, Richard. (1996). Social Identity. London: Routledge. ch.9-ch.16.

□討論材料:認同污名論。

第三講 認同理論與認同政治快覽(一)

1.Sarup, Madan. (1996). Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ch.1-ch.6.

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

第四講 認同理論與認同政治快覽(二)

1.Sarup, Madan. (1996). Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ch.7-ch.12.

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

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第二部份 人、自我、主體與認同諸理論


第五講 西方人性論與心靈哲學中的自我觀 1."Section 5: mind and self: divided, constructed, and multiplied". (1998). in Robinson, Daniel (ed.), The Mind (pp. 287-354). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  1. Stevenson, Leslie, & David L. Haberman. (1998) Ten Theories of Human Nature (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  2. Cassier, Ernst. (1990),《人論︰人類文化哲學導引》(An Essay on Man: An introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture)(甘陽譯),台北:桂冠。(Original work published 1944
□討論材料:隨堂發給。

第六講 從人本主義到存在主義;從「為我」到「為他人」的自我倫理學 1.杜小真,(1989),〈現象學的本體論——《存在與虛無》〉,《一個絕望者的希望——沙特引論》(頁63-160),台北:桂冠。

2.杜小真,(1994),〈對他人的慾望——整體與無限〉,《勒維納斯》(頁40-58),台北:遠流。

1.Buber, Martin. (1958). I and Thou (2nd ed.) (Ronald Gregor Smith trans.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (Original work published 1923)(陳維剛譯,(1991),《我與你》,台北:桂冠。)(閱讀:〈卷一〉,頁1-28。)

2.Heidegger, Martin. (1990),《存有與時間》(王慶節、陳嘉映譯),台北:桂冠。(閱讀:第一篇第四章〈在世作為共在與自己存在。「常人」〉,頁161-183。)

  1. 陶國璋,(1998),《哲學的陌生感》,香港:洪葉書店。
4.Smart, Barry. (1999). "Responsible subjects", in Facing Modernity: Ambivalence, Reflexivity and Morality (pp. 89-109). London: Sage.

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

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第七講 現象學社會學、象徵互動論與互為主體的觀念 1.Mead, George Herbert. (1934). Mind, Self and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (胡榮、王小章譯,(1995),《心靈、自我與社會》,台北:桂冠。)(閱讀:第三部份〈自我〉,頁141-222。)

2.Cooley, Charles, Horton. (1993),《人類本性與社會秩序》(包凡一、王湲譯),台北:桂冠。(原書Human Nature and the Social Order出版於1902年)(閱讀:第五章〈社會自我:「我」的意義〉,頁123-155。)

3.Schutz, Alfred. (1967). The Phenomenology of the Social World (George Walsh & Frederick Lehnert trans.). London: Heimann Educational Books. (Original work published 1932) (盧嵐蘭譯,(1991),《社會世界的現象學》,台北:桂冠。)(閱讀:第三章〈互為主體之瞭解的理論基礎〉,頁115-161。)

4.Crossley, Nick. (1996). "Dimensions of intersubjectivity", in Intersubjectivity: The Fabric of Social Becoming (pp. 1-23). London: Sage.

1.Goffman, Erving. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books.(徐江敏、李姚軍譯,(1992),《日常生活中的自我表演》。台北:桂冠。)(閱讀:第一章〈表演〉,頁19-83。)

2.Schutz, Alfred. (1992),《舒茲論文集(第一冊)》(盧嵐蘭譯),台北:桂冠。(閱讀:第七章〈謝勒的互為主體性理論以及他我的一般性主題〉,頁175-206,及第八章〈沙特的他我理論〉,頁207-231。)

3.Crossley, Nick. (1996). "Subjectivity, alterity and between: on radical intersubjectivity", in Intersubjectivity: The Fabric of Social Becoming (pp. 24-48). London: Sage.

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

第八講 馬克思主義的人與社會關係論:勞動、異化與意識形態

1.Marx, Carl. (1990),〈異化勞動〉、〈貨幣〉,《1844年經濟學哲學手稿》(伊海宇譯)(頁47-61及頁109-115),台北:時報。

2.Marx, Carl. (1972),〈關於費爾巴哈的提綱〉,《馬克思恩格斯選集》(頁16-19),北京:人民出版社。

3.Gramsci, Antonio. (1988),《獄中札記》(頁33-46),台北:谷風出版社。

1.Marx, Carl. (1972),〈德意志意識形態〉,《馬克思恩格斯選集》(頁22-56),北京:人民出版社。 附講 關於能動性(agency)與結構問題的探討 1.Callinicos, Alex. (1987). "Subjects and agents", in Making History: Agency, Structure and Change in Social Theory (pp. 1-38). Cambridge: Polity Press.

第九講 精神分析的自我、主體與認同:從佛洛依德到拉岡;人格心理學 1.Freud Sigmund. (1989),《佛洛伊德著作選》(賀明明譯),台北:唐山。

2.Lacan, Jacques. (1977). "The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience", in ?crits (Alan Sheridan trans.) (pp. 1-7). London: Tavistock Publications. (Original work published 1966)

3.Grosz, Elizabeth. (1990). "The ego and the imaginary", in Jacques Lacan: A Feminist Introduction (pp. 24-49). London: Routledge.

1.Elliott, Anthony. (1994). "Introduction" & "The making of the self: divergences in psychoanalytic theory", in Psychoanalytic Theory: An Introduction (pp. 1-34). Oxford: Blackwell.

2.von Franz, M.-L. (1999),〈個體化過程〉,收於Carl G. Jung主編《人及其象徵》(龔卓軍譯)(頁185-285),台北:立緒。

3.Phares, E. Jerry. (1994),《人格心理學》(Introduction to Personality, 3rd)(林淑梨、王若蘭、黃慧真譯),台北:心理出版社。(Original work published 1991

4.Hamilton, N. Gregory. (1999),《人我之間︰客體關係理論實務》(Self and Others: Object Relations Theory in Practice)(楊添圍、周仁宇譯),台北:心理出版社。(Original work published 1990

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

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第十講 主體建構論:敘事與論述中的主體;社會建構論;傅柯論自我技術 1.Burr, Vivien. (1995). "Introduction: what is social constructionism?", in An Introduction to Social Constructionism (pp. 1-16). London: Routledge.

2.Burr, Vivien. (1995). "What does it mean to be a person?", in An Introduction to Social Constructionism (pp. 113-158). London: Routledge.

3.Bakhurst, David, & Christine Sypnowich. (1995). "Introduction: problems of the social self", in David Bakhurst & Christine Sypnowich (eds.), The Social Self (pp. 1-17). London: Sage.

4.Foucault, Michel (1988). "Technologies of the self", in Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, & Patrick H. Hutton (eds.), Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (pp. 16-49). Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press.

1.Althusser, Louis. (1971). "Ideology and ideological state apparatuses", in Lenin and Philosophy. New York: Monthly Review Press.(杜章智譯,(1990),《列寧和哲學》,台北︰遠流。)(閱讀:頁151-206。)

2.Levine, George. (1992). "Introduction: constructivism and the re-emergent self", in George Levine (ed.), Constructions of the Self (pp. 1-13). New Brunswick, NJ.: Rutgers University Press.

3.Howe, Irving. (1992). "The self in literature", in George Levine (ed.), Constructions of the Self (pp. 249-267). New Brunswick, NJ.: Rutgers University Press.

4.Smith, Paul. (1988). "Preface", in Discerning the Subject (pp. xxvii-xxxv). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

5.Barthes, Roland. (1993). "Authors and Writers", in Susan Sontag (ed.), A Roland Barthes Reader (pp. 185-193). London: Vintage.

6.Barthes, Roland. (1989). "The Death of the Author", in The Rustle of Language (Richard Howard trans.) (pp. 49-55). Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1984)

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

第十一講 後結構與後現代之去中心、多重、分裂與片斷的主體和自我認同

1.Glass, James M. (1993). "Postmodernism and the multiplicity of self", in Shattered Selves: Multiple Personality in a Postmodern World (pp. 1-27). Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press.

2.Dean, Carolyn J. (1992). "Introduction" & "Conclusion", in The Self and Its Pleasures: Bataille, Lacan, and the History of the Decentered Subject (pp. 1-10 & pp. 246-251). Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press.

3.Lash, Scott, & Jonathan Friedman (1992). "Introduction: subjectivity and modernity's Other", in Lash, Scott, & Jonathan Friedman (eds.), Modernity and Identity (pp. 1-30). Oxford: Blackwell.

1.Elliott, Anthony. (1996). "The ambivalence of identity: between modernity and postmodernity", in Subjects to Ourselves: Social Theory, Psychoanalysis and Postmodernity (pp. 5-38). Cambridge: Polity Press.

2.Hans, James S. (1995). "Introduction: heavy construction", in The Site of Our Lives: The Self and the Subject from Emerson to Foucault (pp. 1-37). Albany, NY.: State University of New York.

1.朱天心,(1997),〈拉查曼志士〉,收於《古都》(頁71-82),台北:麥田。

第十二講 中國與東方思想中的人與自我 1.林鎮國,(1999),〈它者、慾望與言說:佛教的文化哲學〉,《空性與現代性》(頁247-259),台北:立緒。

2.Allen, Douglas. (1997). "Social constructions of self: some Asian, Marxist, and feminist critiques of dominant Western views of self", in Douglas Allen (ed.), Culture and Self: Philosophical and Religious Perspectives, East and West (pp. 3-26). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

1.黃應貴編,(1993),〈導論:人觀、意義與社會〉,《人觀、意義與社會》(頁1-26),台北︰中央研究院民族學研究所。

2.呂理政,(1990),〈人:人體宇宙及其均衡和諧〉,《天、人、社會︰試論中國傳統的宇宙認知模型》(頁145-165),台北︰中央研究院民族學研究所。

3.Massella, Anthony J. et al. (1990),《文化與自我︰東西方人的透視》(任鷹等譯),台北︰遠流。

□討論材料:中台禪寺女眾出家風波。

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第三部份 認同政治的當前時勢與課題

第十三講 女性主義主體論的批判與爭辯:性別的認同政治學

1.Smith, Sidonie. (1993). "The universal subject, female embodiment, and the consolidation of autobiography", in Subjectivity, Identity, and the Body: Women's Autobiographical Practices in the Twentieth Century (pp. 1-23). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

2.Fuss, Diana. (1989). "The 'risk' of essence", in Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature & Difference (pp. 1-21). New York: Routledge.

3.Fuss, Diana. (1989). "Essentialism in the classroom", in Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature & Difference (pp. 113-119). New York: Routledge.

4.Fuss, Diana. (1995). "Introduction: figuring identification", in Identification Papers (pp. 1-19). New York: Routledge.

1.陳玉玲,(1998),《尋找歷史中缺席的女人:女性自傳的主體性研究》,嘉義:南華管理學院。

2.Fuss, Diana. (1995). "Interior colonies: Frantz Fanon and the politics of identification", in Identification Papers (pp. 141-172). New York: Routledge.

  
第十四講 扮裝、變性與操演:跨越界線的認同治政學;身體與自我認同 1.張小虹,(1995),〈獨腳戲:《猴行者》的性別越界〉,《性別越界:女性主義文學理論與批評》(頁107-136),台北:聯合文學。

2.張小虹,(1996),〈越界認同:擬仿/學舌/假仙的論述危機〉,《慾望新地圖:性別.同志學》(頁158-200),台北:聯合文學。

3.Butler, Judith. (1990). "Subjects of sex/gender/desire", in Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (pp. 1-34). New York: Routledge.

4.Burkitt, Ian. (1999). "Introduction", in Bodies of Thought: Embodiment, Identity & Modernity (pp. 1-6). London: Sage.

1.Fuss, Diana. (1989). "Lesbian and gay theory: the question of identity politics", in Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature & Difference (pp. 97-112). New York: Routledge.

2.Butler, Judith. (1993). "Critically Queer", in Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" (pp. 223-242). New York: Routledge.

3.Davis, Kathy (1995) Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemma of Cosmetic Surgery. New York: Routledge.(中譯︰張君玫譯(1997)《重塑女體︰美容手術的兩難》。台北︰巨流。)(閱讀:第四章〈從物化的身體到體現的主體〉,頁125-152。)

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

第十五講 全球化與地域化:空間的認同政治學;後殖民與國族認同

1.Bondi, Liz (1993). "Locating identity politics", in Michael Keith & Steve Pile (eds.), Place and the Politics of Identity (pp. 84-101). London: Routledge.

2.Featherstone, Mike. (1995). "Localism, globalism and cultural identity", in Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity (pp. 102-125). London: Sage.

3.Loomba, Ania. (1998). "Colonial and postcolonial identities", in Colonialism/ Postcolonialism (pp. 104-183). London: Routledge.

1.機器戰警,(1991),〈認同與場所〉,《台灣的新反對運動》(頁502-528)。台北:唐山。

2.Heatheringtom, Kevin. (1998). "Space for the occasion: embodiment and the performance of identity", in Expressions of Identity: Space, Performance, Politics (pp. 141-156). London: Sage.

3.Pile, Steve & Nigel Thrift. (1995). "Mapping the subject", in Steve Pile & Nigel Thrift (eds.), Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation (pp. 13-51). London: Routledge.

4.Friedman, Jonathan. (1994). "History and the politics of identity", in Cultural Identity and Global Process (pp. 117-146). London: Sage.

5.Bhabha, Homi. (1993). " Remembering Fanon: self, psyche and the colonial condition", in Patrick Williams & Laura (eds.), Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader (pp. 112-123). New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

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第十六講 科技介入與人機合體:混血雜種的認同政治學 1.Haraway, Donna J. (1991). "A cyborg manifesto: science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century", in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (pp. 149-181). New York: Routledge.

2.Donath, Judith S. (1999). "Identity and deception in the virtual community", in Marc A. Smith & Peter Kollock (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace (pp. 29-59). London: Routledge.

  1. Haraway, Donna J. (1991). "The biopolitics of postmodern bodies: constitutions of self in immune system discourse", in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (pp. 203-230). New York: Routledge.
  2. Turkle, Sherry. (1998),《虛擬化身——網路世代的身分認同》(Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet)(譚天、吳佳真譯),台北:遠流。(Original work published 1996
□討論材料:電影《千鈞一髮》。

第十七講 人與自然的新倫理:非人類(唯我)中心的認同政治學; 現代性、風險與自我認同 1.Conley, Verena Andermatt. (1997). "Introduction", in Ecopolitics: The Environment in Poststructuralist Thought (pp. 1-12). London: Routledge.

2.Giddens, Anthony. (1991). "The self: ontological security and existential anxiety", in Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (pp. 35-69). Cambridge: Polity Press.

1.Rolston, Holmes III. (1988). Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World. New York: Academic Press. (王瑞香譯,(1996),《環境倫理學:對自然界的義務與自然界的價值》,台北:國立編譯館。)(閱讀:第九章〈腳踏實地:自然史中的個人〉,頁419-453。)

2.Giddens, Anthony. (1991). "Tribulations of the self", in Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (pp. 181-208). Cambridge: Polity Press.

□討論材料:隨堂發給。

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